【分享】远去的大师们

发布日期：2025-01-04 10:09    点击次数：65

医学和很多其他的科学一样,都是用无数人的心血所积累而得来的。在这无数人中，总有那么几个闪亮的名字值得我们记住。现在让我们对这些刚刚离我们而去的大师们表达一下我们的敬意。本贴文章转在于BMJ英文浅显易懂，确实是阅读的好材料。David Somerset ShortCardiologist who gave one of the earliest descriptions of the sick sinus syndrome and who fostered the spiritual life in hospitalsDavid Somerset Short, former consultant physician (cardiologist) and emeritus professor of clinical medicine Aberdeen (b Weston super Mare 1918; q Cambridge/Bristol 1942; MD, PhD, FRCP, FRCP Ed), died from acute myeloid leukaemia on 4 May 2005.David Short came from a family with a strong medical and Christian tradition. His father, Latimer, was a public health physician, and his more famous uncle Arthur Rendle Short was professor of surgery at Bristol University. His two younger brothers also became doctors.Educated at Bristol Grammar School, David won the MacLoghlin Scholarship of the Royal College of Surgeons to Clare College, Cambridge, and completed clinical studies at Bristol Medical School in 1942, where he gained the Gold Medal. He set aside his pacifist views to join the RAMC as lieutenant, later captain, serving in India and Burma from 1944 to 1947. During the Burma campaign, he decided to move forward with a frontline combat group, where he came under fire. His CO was not pleased and admonished him for risking reducing the number of doctors available to treat casualties.Following demobilisation, he worked at Southmead Hospital, Bristol, and was then appointed to junior hospital posts at the National Heart Hospital, Royal London Hospital, and Middlesex Hospital, London, where he was one of the bright young men generating ideas in this era alongside the late Moran Campbell. David had already completed his MD during military service, and he added a PhD with seminal research on pulmonary hypertension, describing the abnormal structure of pulmonary arterioles in this disease. Later he gave one of the earliest descriptions of the cardiac arrhythmia that later came to be called the sick sinus syndrome. After 11 years in the senior registrar wilderness, he was appointed in 1960 at age 41 as consultant physician in Aberdeen. Both liked and deeply respected by junior staff, he was an occasional source of irritation to some consultant colleagues, on one occasion publicly opposing a salary rise. Near to retirement he acquired a small motorised caravan, which he parked at the entrance to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, despite criticism that this lowered the tone of the consultant car park, then populated by Saabs and Audis.David Short was appointed as physician to HM the Queen in Scotland in 1977, and became professor of clinical medicine in the University of Aberdeen in 1983. David began what we now know as CME as early as 1961, initiated clinical audit meetings for physicians, and from 1982 to 1985, past his retirement, was chairman of the research ethical committee, University of Aberdeen and Grampian Health Board. Following retirement he was president of the Aberdeen Medico-Chirurgical Society, chairman of the medical and scientific advisory committee to pro-life members of parliament at Westminster, and chairman of the Board of Ethics in Medicine in London.David was a deeply committed Christian, motivating a strongly pastoral element to clinical care. He was a church elder for many years and jointly began weekly church services in Aberdeen Royal Infirmary and Woodend Hospital in 1964. On Sunday afternoons he could often be seen wheeling patients down hospital corridors to services as well as leading worship and preaching. His interest in fostering the spiritual life in hospitals ensured that the newest wing of Aberdeen Royal Infirmary had a 90-seat chapel included in its construction plan, where none had previously been considered. He was chairman of the executive committee, and later president, of the Christian Medical Fellowship. His quiet but fervent desire to impart and communicate Christian values was reflected in a number of publications: Medicine as a Vocation (1978), Real Success (1998), The Bedside Book (2003), and Pastoral Visitation (jointly) in 2004. A paper, "Body, Mind梐nd Spirit" was published in the Scottish Medical Journal in February 2005.David Short was one of very few who combine superb clinical skills, sustained research, compassion for his patients and staff, active personal faith, and strong family interest and loyalty. He was an inspiring role model, and few of those acquainted with him could emulate the enriching combination of qualities that made him a truly great physician. Above all he was a spiritual man for whom prayer and service for others went hand in hand. He and his wife, Joan, opened their home to hundreds of Aberdeen students, the medical students among them a little amazed to be invited every week for Sunday lunch by a senior consultant physician. Those who stayed longer were often asked to help with collecting patients from their wards for the hospital service that afternoon.David was diagnosed as having acute myeloid leukaemia in January 2005, and faced the end of his life with quiet assurance in the grace of God. He decided that he would not receive chemotherapy and commented to several visitors with a twinkle in his eye that there were two really good things about his diagnosis: firstly, that he would not die from Alzheimer disease and, secondly, that he could now have as much butter and cream as he wished. He methodically planned the details of his funeral and had nearly finished dictating his memoirs at the end of April when pneumonia caused rapid decline. On the morning of 4 May, while markedly dyspnoeic, he remembered that a granddaughter had an important school examination and asked a family member to pray for her, fulfilling to the end his desire to pray for his family each day. He died later that evening.He is survived by his adored wife, Joan, also a doctor, whom he married in 1949; his two brothers; five children, one a GP; 13 of his 14 grandchildren; two of whom are doctors; and two great grandchildren. [Robin Taylor, Mike Jones] screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333" width=206 height=252 title="Click to view full short.jpg (206 X 252)" border=0 align=absmiddle>William Paton ClelandA pioneer of open heart surgeryBill Cleland was one of the surgeons who developed open heart surgery in London in the late 1950s. He was at Hammersmith Hospital in 1952-3 when Professor Dennis Melrose developed the first heart-lung machine. Melrose and Cleland conducted extensive animal tests before trying the machine in 1953 on patients whose prognosis was poor. In the early days there were postoperative deaths, which taught them the importance of meticulous postoperative care, and the clinical programme was restarted successfully in 1957.Cleland was one of the machine's earliest users, and it enabled him to perform a wide range of new operations, specialising in mitral valvotomy, the surgical treatment of ventricular septal defect, and aortic valve replacement. He was the first to operate on the newly identified condition of obstructive cardiomyopathy—known in the United States as hypertrophic subaortic stenosis—by excising muscle from the interventricular septum via the aortic valve.Russian surgeons were impressed by Melrose's heart-lung machine, and Professor Aleksandr Bakulev from the then Soviet Union bought one; he then invited the Hammersmith team to operate in Moscow in May 1959. It was at the height of the cold war and they were the first foreign doctors to perform surgery there. Melrose, Cleland, and another surgeon, Hugh Bentall, went. The Russians chose two adults and four children with congenital heart defects. Two of them had Fallot's tetralogy, which Cleland and his colleagues had never operated on before. All six operations were successful. Cleland remarked that this was helped by God, who had so little to do in Russia that he was able to give the children his undivided attention.The trip was a success in other ways. Cleland took his cine camera and filmed the army parade in Red Square, and was astonished not to be arrested. The team then returned on the inaugural UK flight of the Tupolev 104, the Soviet Union's first jet powered passenger airliner.Cleland was a meticulous surgeon, possessed of great energy, and a great teacher. He was warm hearted, and remained calm in emergencies. He was modest, sociable, and popular with his colleagues and students. He championed the careers of his overseas students as, having been one himself, he knew what problems they faced.He wrote the chapter on surgery in Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, and a chapter in Rob & Smith's Operative Surgery. He published more than 70 papers, including a 1968 Lancet article reviewing 12 000 open-heart operations over a decade, which was proof positive of the safety of the heart-lung machine. His paper in Thorax in 1983, on the evolution of cardiac surgery in the United Kingdom, is regarded as definitive.He did all of Iceland's heart surgery for a decade from 1968, visiting there to assess patients and bringing them back to the Brompton for their operations. He received an award, the Order of the Falcon, from the Icelandic government for this. He operated in Finland, which made him a commander of the Order of the Lion in 1964. He also set up heart surgery units and operated in Egypt, Iraq, and Syria.He originally planned to become a chest physician, and came to the Brompton Hospital for that purpose. Here he was told that he had the makings of a good surgeon. His mother was surprised by this news, saying, "Bill was never any good at carpentry." Cleland retorted that surgery was more like plumbing.He was born in Sydney, New South Wales. From Scotch College, Adelaide, he went to Adelaide University, qualifying in 1934 and spending two years as house physician and surgeon at Adelaide Hospital and Adelaide Children's Hospital. He spent his war years, 1939-45, in the Emergency Medical Service. For two years of this he was based at the Brompton Hospital as house physician and resident medical officer, and this laid the foundation for the rest of his career.He moved to chest surgery, which he never completely abandoned, but soon extended his skills to heart surgery, rapidly establishing a good reputation. In 1948 he was appointed consultant thoracic surgeon at King's College Hospital and the Brompton Hospital. A year later he was appointed to a lectureship at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith.He retired from the NHS when he was 65 but was his own locum for while. He remained working for several years, following up surgical patients.He loved fishing, especially for salmon in Scotland, Lapland, and Iceland. He retired to Andover, Hampshire, where he continued his hobbies of fishing, the opera, gardening, and beekeeping, and he won prizes at the village show.He was a strongly built man who became frail in his old age but remained alert and well. He died peacefully at home shortly before his 93rd birthday. Predeceased by his wife, Norah, he leaves three children.William Paton Cleland, consultant thoracic surgeon Brompton and King's College hospitals, London, 1948-78, and senior lecturer Royal Postgraduate Medical School 1949-78 (b Sydney, Australia, 1912; q Adelaide 1934; FRCP, FRCS), died from gastrointestinal bleeding on 29 March 2005. screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333" width=168 height=200 title="Click to view full cleland.f1.gif (168 X 200)" border=0 align=absmiddle>Alvin NovickPhysician and bat expert who became a prominent AIDS campaignerIn 1982, when the AIDS epidemic was in its infancy, it took an unusually prescient person to recognise that this was a disease like no other. One such person was Alvin Novick, professor of biology at Yale University and a former clinician.Credit: YALE UNIVERSITYThe term AIDS had only just been coined. President Reagan had not mentioned the word in public (that took him a further three years), though his press secretary had joked about AIDS in a press briefing. The virus had yet to be identified; the first AIDS drug, AZT (zidovudine), was not to reach the marketplace for another five years.Alvin Novick, then aged 58, ended his 30 year study of bat sonar systems to confront the crisis. He ceased doing laboratory science and devoted the rest of his life—a further 20 years—to tackling AIDS.Insightful, decisive, compassionate, and rigorous in everything he did, Novick was ahead of his time on almost every issue. From the beginning, he pressed for safeguards at blood banks. He researched the legal, ethical, public policy, and community development aspects of HIV/AIDS, and he was interested in every aspect of the disease, including AIDS education and prevention; risk reduction for people who injected drugs; the ethical issues surrounding ethnographic research; surveillance; confidentiality; testing; the conduct of clinical trials; tuberculosis and AIDS; the behavioural epidemiology of AIDS; and home and terminal care for patients—he founded Connecticut's AIDS hospice.Novick wanted drug users included in clinical trials, not least to enhance their access to health care. He also researched post-exposure prophylaxis, the use of law to regulate behaviour, the systematic oppression of people who were vulnerable to AIDS infection or were infected; drug adherence; and vertical transmission.He served on the US Food and Drug Administration's antiviral drugs advisory committee, and committees of the Centers for Disease Control, National Institutes of Health, and US surgeon general.Novick was editor in chief of the AIDS and Public Policy Journal and in 1985 was elected president of the American Association of Physicians for Human Rights (now the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association). He was director of the law, policy, and ethics core of Yale's Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, and he taught a graduate course on problems in bioethics, and undergraduate courses on human sexuality, and on AIDS and society.He was a founder of the New Haven AIDS project and created all the AIDS service programmes, including the needle exchange. Believing that prevention education must "consistently acknowledge the essential importance of sexual intimacy" for gay men as for all individuals, he urged doctors and others involved in HIV prevention not to impose an unrealistic, zero-risk standard on all at-risk people. Rather, he said, "our prevention efforts should focus on reducing risk overall, by helping each individual learn how to maximise fulfilment and minimise risk."A further interest was the problems of healthcare professionals dealing with AIDS, and he fought to prevent a backlash against those who were infected. He argued cogently against mandatory testing of health workers, saying in 1991 that doctors with the virus "see themselves as the target of an inflamed public." He set up a confidential helpline for healthcare professionals with AIDS, and pointed out the rarity of documented cases of doctor-to-patient transmission.He was concerned about society's stigmatisation and ostracism of people with AIDS and he used his leadership as a physician and Yale professor to open doors for them. He "gave a voice to the voiceless," arguing that AIDS affected people who were already stigmatised or marginalised, including women, gay men, black and Hispanic people, sex workers, and drug abusers. There "was no reason for people to see AIDS as an embarrassment or a humiliation. We have to stop seeing this as anything other than a devastating infection. No one is guilty. Only the virus is guilty."Alvin Novick was born in Flushing, New York, in 1925, the son of Jewish immigrants; his father owned a tyre store. From Flushing High School he did his army service and was a prisoner of war in Germany. He then went to Harvard, graduating in biochemistry and then medicine. After two years clinical work at the Beth Israel Hospital in Boston he wanted to pursue more basic science research and the person he most admired was Donald Griffin, the zoology professor, who set him to work on echolocation in bats. For 30 years he worked on them, becoming a leading expert and writing the entry on them for Encyclopaedia Britannica. His research on bat sonar navigation was used by the US military to improve radar technology.In his spare time he was a dedicated horticulturist and he bred pedigree dogs. His partner, William Sabella, Connecticut's first state AIDS coordinator, died from AIDS related complications in 1992. For the last 10 years Novick lived with his good and dear friend Frederick Altice, clinical research director of the Yale University AIDS programme.Alvin Novick, physician, biologist, and AIDS policy pioneer, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (b Flushing, New York, 1925; q Harvard 1951), died from prostate cancer on 10 April 2005. screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333" width=188 height=200 title="Click to view full novicka.f1.gif (188 X 200)" border=0 align=absmiddle>Maurice HillemanMicrobe hunter, pioneering virologist, and the 20th century's leading vaccinologistMaurice Hilleman was responsible for developing more than 40 vaccines, including measles, mumps, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, meningitis, pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae bacteria, and rubella. His vaccines have been credited with saving millions of lives and with eradicating common childhood diseases. The measles vaccine alone has prevented approximately one million deaths. Among other accomplishments, he succeeded in characterising and isolating many viruses, including the hepatitis A vaccine in culture.Despite Hilleman's many breakthroughs in immunology and vaccinology, he has never been a household name. Anthony Fauci, director of the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said Hilleman had "little use for self credit." Dr Fauci told the BMJ that Hilleman's contributions were "the best kept secret among the lay public. If you look at the whole field of vaccinology, nobody was more influential."Hilleman's interest in microbiology and science had its roots in his childhood. Born in 1919, he grew up during the Great Depression on a farm in the southeastern plains of Montana. To help his family through the Depression, he needed to be economical and tenacious. It was a building block he later used for keeping his focus.After the Depression, he entered Montana State University on a full scholarship. In a 1999 issue of Immunological Reviews, he described Montana State as a "no-nonsense institution where professors taught and where teaching assistants, other than laboratory aides, did not exist." He gained a bachelor's degree in microbiology and chemistry.His graduate education at the University of Chicago reinforced his independence and self reliance. It was a tough environment, in which Hilleman said you would either "sink or swim." In 1944 he was awarded a PhD in microbiology and chemistry. Hilleman told his professors at Chicago that he was going into industry, where he thought he would be best positioned not only for conducting research, but also for ensuring and expediting clinical applications. His professors told him that he belonged in academia and that they had not trained him for a career in industry. Hilleman strongly disagreed, maintaining that academic institutions lacked the resources to move scientific innovations forward and to market.Paul Offit, chief of infectious diseases at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, told the BMJ, "His commitment was to make something useful and convert it to clinical use. Maurice's genius was in developing vaccines, reliably reproducing them, and he was in charge of all pharmaceutical facets from research to the marketplace." Hilleman felt that scientists had a responsibility to provide a return on knowledge gained in the laboratory.In 1944 he joined the virus laboratories of E R Squibb & Sons in New Brunswick, New Jersey, where he developed a vaccine against Japanese B encephalitis, urgently needed to immunise troops fighting in the Pacific.Hilleman characterised several viruses and identified changes that could result when a virus mutated. This concept, which he worked out while at the Walter Reed Institute of Army Research, helped prevent a huge pandemic of Hong Kong flu in 1957. Learning that the flu was a new strain, 40 million doses of vaccine were rapidly made available in the United States.He joined Merck on New Year's Eve, 1957, as director of a new department of virus and cell biology research. Under Hilleman's aegis, by 1984 Merck had garnered 37 product licences, with an additional three vaccines ready for development. He retired from Merck at age 65, but stayed on as a consultant.Hilleman's style of working was icono-clastic. Dr Offit said, "To give you an example of how he worked, in 1963, [when his daughter had the classic symptoms of the mumps,] he swabbed the back of his daughter's throat, brought it to the lab to culture, and by 1967, there was a vaccine." He added, "Today's regulation would preclude that from happening... If Maurice was alive today, I doubt he would be able to be Maurice. He was a very strong willed person and a person like him could face a high level of inertia."During his more than 60 years in basic and applied research, he earned a reputation as an often harsh, impatient fellow who tangled with industry and government bureaucracies. Hilleman defended his pushy and prickly behaviour, which offended some colleagues and coworkers, as crucial for science to advance. He argued that politics, not science, determined which breakthroughs were brought to the marketplace.Hilleman received many honours, including a special lifetime achievement award from the World Health Organization.He leaves his second wife, Lorraine; two daughters; and five grandchildren.Maurice Hilleman, microbiologist Philadelphia, United States (b Miles City, Montana, 1919), died from cancer on 11 April 2005. screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333" width=153 height=200 title="Click to view full hilleman.gif (153 X 200)" border=0 align=absmiddle>Wilfred G BigelowA pioneer of open heart surgery, who co-developed the first electronic pacemakerWilfred G Bigelow, known as "Bill," introduced the concept and technique of hypothermia that first made open heart surgery possible. He also co-developed the first electronic pacemaker in 1950. In 1956 he was influential in developing the first formal cardiac surgery training programme in Canada.Dr Bigelow began researching hypothermia in a storage room in the basement of the Banting Institute in Toronto, Canada, shortly after the second world war. He theorised that cooling patients before an operation would reduce the amount of oxygen the body required and slow the circulation, allowing for longer and safer access to the heart.His peers were sceptical, and his studies investigating how groundhogs hibernated in winter proved disappointing. However, after testing the cooling theory successfully on a dog in 1949, in 1950 Dr Bigelow and his colleague, Dr John Callaghan, presented their results at an American Surgical Association meeting. Three years later, the cooling technique was successfully used during surgery on a human patient.In 1949, during experimental surgery, he found he was able to restart a dog's heart by stimulating it at regular intervals with a probe. The following year he co-developed the first electronic heart pacemaker with Dr Callaghan and electrical engineer John Hopps."Dr Bigelow was a highly skilful surgeon, an imaginative scientist, an inspiring teacher, and a wise administrator," said long-time friend Dr Robert Salter, emeritus professor of orthopaedic surgery at the University of Toronto. "He has been without question the most outstanding academic surgeon in Canada in his time. His innovative contributions to cardiac surgery have been of enormous significance."Wilfred Gordon Bigelow was born in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada, in 1913. His father, also Dr Wilfred Bigelow, founded the first medical clinic in Canada. After qualifying in 1938 at the University of Toronto, Bill Bigelow did surgical residencies at the Toronto General Hospital.In 1941 he treated a young Canadian for frostbite, and had to amputate the man's gangrenous fingers. Shocked how little was known about frostbite, and encouraged by a professor, he started to research frostbite. It was a pivotal moment in his career and life.Shortly afterwards, Dr Bigelow began military service as a captain in the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps. He first served with the field transfusion unit and then worked as a battle surgeon with the 6th Canadian Casualty Clearing Station. In England and northwest Europe, while treating many soldiers with frostbitten limbs, his interest in hypothermia grew stronger.After the second world war he returned to a surgical residency in Toronto, and then completed graduate training as a research fellow at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. In 1947 he moved back to Canada and became a staff general surgeon at the Toronto General Hospital. He was appointed a research fellow in the University of Toronto's department of surgery in 1950. Dr Bigelow became an assistant professor in 1953, and a full professor in 1970.In 1984 he published a book about his research, Cold Hearts: The Story of Hypothermia and the Pacemaker in Heart Surgery.In 1990 he published Mysterious Heparin: The Key to Open Heart Surgery.Bill Bigelow received the Gairdner Foundation International Award for achievement in biomedical research in 1959 and in 1981 he was inducted into the Order of Canada. In 1992 he received the Canadian Medical Association's Frederic Newton Gisborne Starr Award, the highest award the association can bestow on a member. Five years later he was admitted to the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.Dr Bigelow was also a former president of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery and the Society for Vascular Surgery. He was president of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society from 1970 to 1972, and he headed the division of cardiac surgery at Toronto General Hospital for more than 20 years."Dr Bigelow had a genuine curiosity for learning," said Edmonton paediatric cardiologist Dr Ruth Collins Nakai, presidentelect of the Canadian Medical Association. "He was so enthusiastic about it, he was infective... He would always think outside the box but because he was such a humane and human person he was able to attract young people to want to study with him and to be just as curious... I was always astonished because once he met me, he never forgot me. He would come and say hello and ask how I was doing... I was a lowly resident but he had a memory for people and made them all feel special."In 2001 the International Academy of Cardiovascular Sciences named Dr Bigelow a "living legend."Predeceased by his wife, Margaret Ruth Jennings, he leaves a daughter, three sons, and three grandchildren.Wilfred Gordon ("Bill") Bigelow, emeritus professor of cardiac surgery University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (b Brandon, Manitoba, Canada, 1913; q Toronto 1938; BA, MD), died from congestive heart failure on 27 March 2005. screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333" width=160 height=200 title="Click to view full bigeloww.f1.gif (160 X 200)" border=0 align=absmiddle>Lady Jean MedawarA family planning pioneerJean Medawar was the wife of Sir Peter Medawar, the distinguished UK transplant immunologist and Nobel laureate. She spent her life supporting her husband's career and working hard for causes she cared about and believed in—the global environment, population control, and family planning.She was one of a redoubtable group of women who had to combat the most extraordinarily hostile attitudes in the early days of family planning. She was fond of quoting a letter published in the Lancet in 1930, when she was 17, saying that the subject "was something that no decent man would handle with a pair of tongs."In 1954, when she was 31, she met Margaret Pyke, chairwoman of the Family Planning Association, and this started her considerable contribution to the movement. She became a member of the executive in 1960, and was chairwoman from 1968 to 1970. For two decades, from 1957 to 1976, she was joint editor of Family Planning (now Family Planning Today). Her co-editor was Margaret Pyke's son, David Pyke, later registrar of the Royal College of Physicians.She was also an active member of the Family Planning Association's central London branch and was on many committees of the association and allied organisations.When Margaret Pyke died in 1966, Jean and David Pyke set up the Margaret Pyke Memorial Trust, which promoted education and research in matters of sexual health and population control. The Margaret Pyke Centre was opened by the Duke of Edinburgh in November 1969. The duke is reported once to have said, "It is difficult to refuse an invitation from Jean Medawar."She was beautiful, charming, magnetic, moderate, and, on committees, non-combative. She spoke fluent French and German, and some Swedish, Italian, and Russian, which greatly increased her effectiveness at international conferences.Jean Medawar's father was a doctor in Cambridge, her mother an American from St Louis, Missouri. Jean Taylor, as she then was, was educated in Cambridge and at Benenden School, Kent, from where she won a scholarship to Somerville College, Oxford, to study zoology. Here she met Peter Medawar. He described her as "the most beautiful woman in Oxford"; she described his looks as "mildly diabolical." Their first exchange was during a lecture, when she asked him in a whisper what heuristic meant. He explained that it came from the Greek word heureka, meaning I have found it, and offered her tutorials on "mechanism, vitalism, and other quasi-philosophical aspects of biology." He went on to give her tutorials in philosophy.She took her BSc in 1935 and did some work on the origin and development of lymphocytes under Howard Florey, later Lord Florey, who developed penicillin.In 1932 she spent a holiday in the Black Forest. The Nazi party was gaining strength in Germany and she saw swastika flags flying, even though they were illegal. At Oxford she and Peter joined the Labour Party, which opposed appeasement, and they did what they could to help refugee German scientists who came to Britain in the years preceding the outbreak of war.Many years later, in 2000, with David Pyke, she published Hitler's Gift (review BMJ 2001;322: 681[Free Full Text]), a book about scientists who fled Nazi Germany.She married in the face of vigorous objections from her family. Because Peter was born in Brazil of a Lebanese father, her mother asked her what she would do if she had black babies, and an aunt disinherited her because Peter had "no background, and no money."She spent the following two decades bringing up her children while her husband's career took her to Birmingham and then, in 1951, to London.He had a major stroke in 1969, aged only 54, which left him permanently disabled but mentally unimpaired. She made sure he got the best treatment possible and he continued researching and writing.Her husband wrote about her in his book Memoir of a Thinking Radish (1986), "She relieved me all our married life of the chores that might hinder the prosecution of scientific research." After his death in 1987 she returned the compliment in another book, A Very Decided Preference: Life with Peter Medawar (1990).She and Peter were great hosts, and their Hampstead home was open house to writers, artists, and intellectuals. She outlived Peter by 18 years and continued to take an active part in the Margaret Pyke trust until the mid-1990s.She leaves two sons and two daughters.Jean Shinglewood Medawar (née Taylor), former chairwoman Family Planning Association, editor Family Planning, and trustee Margaret Pyke Memorial Trust (b 1913), d 3 May 2005.[ Caroline Richmond ] screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333" width=200 height=121 title="Click to view full medawarj.f1.gif (200 X 121)" border=0 align=absmiddle>David TyrrellVirologist who unlocked many of the secrets of the common coldDavid Tyrrell ran the Medical Research Council common cold unit for most of its existence. Though he never found a cure, he discovered almost everything we know about cold viruses and was made a fellow of the Royal Society. At the start of his research it was assumed that there was a single cold virus, which could, perhaps, be prevented or cured. By the end, it was known that there were around 200, which was why it is so difficult. He was the first to identify most of them. He discovered most of the secrets of the common cold and showed that none of the popular myths about prevention or cure were of any use.The unit was located at Harvard Hospital, near Salisbury. The prefabricated wooden buildings, made in the United States, were a wartime gift from Harvard University and the American Red Cross in 1940. The unit was intended as a 125 bed infectious diseases hospital to control the epidemics that were expected to result from the second world war, and the United States provided and paid for the doctors and nurses.In August 1945 the buildings and contents were transferred as a gift from America to the Ministry of Health for research into communicable diseases. The Medical Research Council took over the buildings for research into the common cold.The unit was originally under the direction of two virologists, Sir Christopher Andrewes and Dr Alick Isaacs, who had both tried to grow cold viruses in the laboratory, with little success. They realised that the premises would make a good place to bring volunteers for research purposes, and oversaw the appointment of David Tyrrell.He had recently spent three years at the Rockefeller Institute in New York, a centre of excellence for virology. He had an MD with distinction and had already, aged 32, published around 25 papers on clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological aspects of flu and polio viruses. He had discovered a new virus, the enterovirus, and was studying influenza viruses at the Virus Research Institute in Sheffield.David Tyrrell arrived at Harvard Hospital on 1 April 1957, and in the ensuing years unlocked many of the secrets of the common cold—what it is that makes us catch it, how colds are transmitted, and how they affect our bodies. He identified the causes, and analysed the distribution of the common cold and its international significance. He investigated its psychological implications and put folklore remedies to the test.Around 20 000 volunteers came to Harvard Hospital for 10 days' stay, and many returned year after year. It was a favourite place for students to revise for examinations. They were housed in groups of two or three, as it was thought that isolation would be uncomfortable for them, and they were allowed to walk in the surrounding countryside. Few of the volunteers caught colds, and those that did blew their noses into paper handkerchiefs, which were then weighed and counted.David Tyrrell worked closely with the World Health Organization, and was director, at the common cold unit, of the WHO Reference Centre for Respiratory Virus Infections.In 1967 he went to the Medical Research Council's new clinical research centre at Northwick Park as director of its communicable diseases research unit, combining this work with continuing to oversee research at the unit in Salisbury. Three years later he also became deputy director to Sir Christopher Booth, director of the research centre, who found him helpful and supportive. The MRC closed the clinical research centre in 1984, and Dr Tyrrell returned to the common cold unit until the MRC closed that in 1990.David Tyrrell published a book, The Common Cold (cowritten with Michael Fielder), in 1991; the BMJ described it as illustrating "beautifully the vagaries, difficulties, false pathways, raised hopes, crashing disappointments, tedium and all too rare but wonderful moments of medical research."He was also interested in the contribution of viral infections to chronic fatigue syndrome. Until shortly before his death he was chairman of the CFS Research Foundation, and published papers on viruses and fatigue.He was a committed Christian, and the organist and choirmaster of his local church, and he wore a discreet crucifix in his lapel, but he never proselytised.David Arthur John Tyrrell was born in Ashford, Middlesex, in 1925, the son of an accountant. The family moved to Sheffield, where he went to King Edward VII School and Sheffield University. He qualified in medicine in 1948 and gained his MRCP a year later, during the three years in which he did various house jobs in Sheffield hospitals. He then went to the Rockefeller Institute.He was exempted from military service because of a detached retina, and later in his career, when binocular microscopes became the norm, people puzzled why he was happy to still use a monocular one.Predeceased by his son, he leaves a wife, Moyra, and two daughters.David Arthur John Tyrrell, director Medical Research Council common cold unit 1957-90, director MRC communicable disease unit 1967-84, and deputy director MRC clinical research centre, Northwick Park, 1970-84 (b 1925; q Sheffield 1948; CBE, FRCP, FRCPath), died from prostate cancer on 2 May 2005.[ Caroline Richmond ] screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333" width=138 height=200 title="Click to view full tyrelldaj.f1.gif (138 X 200)" border=0 align=absmiddle>怎么都是英文啊？呵呵最好翻译一下啊thank you for your good job!谁说老外不尊重权威？我的带教老师当年当学生的时候，邀请他来Leeds Uni去演讲，和他握了握手。以后好几天没有洗手。嘿嘿，还到处和学生讲。Hamilton NakiUnsung hero of the world's first heart transplantWhen 26 year old Denise Darvall was knocked down by a car on her way to buy a cake in Cape Town, South Africa, in 1967, sustaining severe head injuries, she triggered an operation that made medical history. While she was considered brain dead when she reached hospital, her heart was healthy and kept pumping. Her body was placed in the hands of Hamilton Naki, who expertly removed her heart and gave it to Christiaan Barnard ( obituary BMJ 2001:323: 696[Free Full Text]). He then transplanted it into 57 year old Louis Washkansky.Naki's contribution was a criminal offence under the apartheid laws because he was black and the patient was white. Barnard could have been prosecuted for allowing him into a whites-only operating theatre and for allowing him to touch a white patient. Moreover, Naki was unqualified.Hamilton Naki had joined Cape Town University and Groote Schuur Hospital as a gardener, and was rolling the grass tennis courts when, in the 1950s, the professor of surgery, Robert Goetz, asked him to step into the laboratory and hold a giraffe on which he was operating. Goetz was trying to discover why giraffes did not faint when they lowered their heads to drink. He was so impressed with Naki that he invited him to work in the lab.Naki soon became skilled in a wide range of surgical procedures from Goetz, ranging from catheterisation and suturing to intubation and anaesthesia. He took over postoperative care of the animals. Before long, he could perform a liver transplant in a pig virtually single handed. There was little that the surgeons could do that he couldn't. Naki credits Goetz with being his most important teacher. Goetz, who had fled Nazi Germany, may have empathised with Naki's situation.When Goetz went to America, Christiaan Barnard arrived. Barnard recognised Naki's abilities and used him firstly as his anaesthetist and later as his principal surgical assistant.In the 1950s Naki worked with Barnard while he was developing open heart surgical techniques experimentally. He was prodigiously intelligent, had a formidable memory, and learnt by watching others. When Barnard developed arthritis in his hands, Naki's contribution became even more important.Credit: TRACE IMAGESHe was promoted to technician and later to senior technician, the highest the university could take him under the apartheid laws. In an interview shortly before his death in 2001, Barnaard called Naki "one of the great researchers of all time in the field of heart transplants," adding that Naki "was a better craftsman than me, especially when it came to stitching."When visitors flocked to see the man who had performed the world's first heart transplant, Naki kept in the shadows, and was obliged to describe himself as gardener and cleaner. Barnard, who vigorously opposed apartheid, spoke in Naki's praise whenever it was safe to do so, and entertained Naki at his home. Naki was a placid man who got on with the highly strung and media hungry Barnard.Naki had a major role in training the hundreds of trainee heart surgeons who flocked to Cape Town to study under Barnard. Naki cherished his role as educator, and taught three thousand surgeons.Hamilton Naki was born in Ngcingane, a village near Centani in Transkei, to a poor family and was educated to sixth grade. He left school when he was 14 and, because there was no work in Centani, hitchhiked to Cape Town. He remained there for the rest of his life, sending most of his wages home to support an extended family of 11 people.He lived in a tiny room in quarters for migrant workers in Langa, a black township on the Cape flats. He had no electricity or running water. Every morning he set out for work wearing a Homberg hat, suit, shirt, and tie, and with polished shoes. His family stayed in the village where he was born, and he supported them on his wages and later his pension, worth £70 (in UK sterling equivalent) a month. He could not afford to educate his children to follow in his footsteps.He would arrive at the lab every morning at 6 am, carrying umbrella, newspaper, and Bible, and work until 4 30 pm. He spent his lunch break reading the Bible to the down-and-outs in the cemetery behind the medical school, and warning them of the evils of alcohol and cannabis.After his retirement he raised money so that a mobile clinic visited his birth place, Centani, which was 50 miles from the nearest doctor or hospital. Every year he visited the surgeons who were his former trainees to raise money from them to maintain a rural school in the Eastern Cape.In later life he received the recognition he had long deserved and is now one of South Africa's heroes. Cape Town University conferred an honorary MSc in surgery on him in 2002. In 2003 President Thabo Mbeki presented him with the order of Mapungubwe, one of South African's most prestigious awards. Two years later, when Mbeki delivered his presidential address to the South African parliament, Naki was one of the "senior civil guard of honour," who welcomed him.He leaves a wife, Joyce, and four children.Hamilton Naki, gardener, animal technician, surgeon, and surgical tutor Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, 1946-91 (b Centani, Transkei, 1926; hon MSc in surgery Cape Town University 2002), died from a heart attack on 29 May 2005.[ Caroline Richmond ] screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333" width=133 height=200 title="Click to view full nakih.f1.gif (133 X 200)" border=0 align=absmiddle>Alan WilliamsEconomist who transformed the delivery of health care to patientsAlan Williams was a professor of economics at the University of York for over 40 years. He was driven by the ambition to challenge the orthodoxy and improve the way in which health care is delivered to patients. Those entering his office were immediately struck by a notice on his desk. This declared (only partly humorously), "Be reasonable, do it my way." Here was a man of principle with an evangelical urge to work collaboratively with other disciplines and practitioners in the medical profession to ensure not only that healthcare resources were used to maximum effect in improving population health, but also that the benefits of health care were equitably distributed among all sections of the population.He graduated from Birmingham University, and his first academic post was in Exeter, where he taught innovatively in public finance. After sabbaticals at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Princeton University, he was recruited to the then new University of York in 1964, where he again focused on the teaching of public finance.In 1966 he was seconded to the Treasury, where it was decided that, in addition to designing courses in economics for civil servants, he should be sent off to the Ministry of Health. The immediate issue was hospital planning, or as Alan found at the ministry, an absence of such planning.As he engaged with the ministry's policy issues, he encountered some intriguing characters that became lifelong friends, in particular Professor Archie Cochrane ( obituary BMJ 1988;297: 63[ISI]) and Sir Douglas Black ( obituary BMJ 2002;325: 661[Free Full Text]). With these and other eminent leaders of the medical profession, Alan realised that here was a significant "industry" largely untouched by economic analysis, where both medical practice and healthcare policy making were almost entirely evidence free. With allies such as Cochrane and Black he was set on a new career of creating and applying intellectual capacity in economics to the challenging problems of funding and providing health care, as well as the production of health by redistributive social programmes and policies that complemented the NHS.The products of his work manifest themselves in many ways. His own writings were prolific and he led the subdiscipline of health economics for decades. He was a father figure to health economists in York, in the United Kingdom, and around the world. But he also influenced the thinking and writing of many others. As Archie Cochrane drafted his famous Effectiveness and Efficiency book ( review BMJ 2004;328: 529[Free Full Text]), Alan converted this wonderful character from the narrow path of concern about clinical effectiveness of interventions (or rather, as Archie emphasised, the absence of such evidence) to the centrality of the economic component of decision making. Costs of treating one patient, as Alan so eloquently explained over many years, always represent benefits forgone by other patients or potential patients, and to ignore costs is to ignore the sacrifices of others. This unarguable perspective on health economics is why Alan referred to the subdiscipline as "the cheerful face of the dismal science."Williams was intrigued by what "health" is, and how it is valued by individuals. In addition to arguing the case for the application of techniques of economic evaluation to health and health care in provocatively titled articles such as "Cost benefit analysis: bastard science and/or insidious poison in the body politick," he embarked on a substantial research programme, initially much stimulated by the late Professor Rachel Rosser, that explored the attributes of health and led to the production of a generic quality of life measure EQ5D (www.euorqol.org). This measure has since been used in thousands of clinical trials and may in future be used routinely in the NHS to appraise the success of clinical activities.Like all economists, Williams argued that the policy issue was not whether there was rationing in health care but what principles should decide who should get access to care. Rationing, he argued, involved depriving patients of care from which they could benefit and which they wished to consume. If the objective of the NHS is to increase population health to the maximum extent from a limited budget, prioritisation should be determined by the relative cost effectiveness of competing interventions.The challenge, given the poor evidence base about clinical effectiveness, was to improve clinical and economic knowledge so that bodies such as the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) can inform rationing efficiently. Williams's advocacy of the concept of the Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) as the instrument for rationing decisions is now implemented clearly in NICE guidance.Williams was also concerned with the issues of inequality in health and health care and the integration of equity concerns into cost effectiveness analysis. In his later years he strongly advocated the concept of the "fair innings," arguing that greater weight should be given to the young who had not had such a good life ( BMJ 1997;314: 820[Free Full Text]). In his 70s he argued at public meetings with older people that it was their responsibility to accept some discrimination in favour of the young when they had had a fair innings.He leaves a wife, June, and three children.Alan Harold Williams, professor of economics University of York (b Birmingham 1927; BCom Birmingham, hon DPhil Lund, FBA), died from cancer on 2 June 2005.Alan Williams' landmark BMJ paper on the economics of coronary artery bypass grafting ( BMJ 1985;291: 326[ISI][Medline]) is available in PDF format on bmj.com.[ Alan Maynard ] screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333" width=157 height=200 title="Click to view full williamsa.f1.gif (157 X 200)" border=0 align=absmiddle>这是一位骨肿瘤医生，在保存肢体上面称得上是先驱者Rodney Saville SneathA pioneer in limb salvage surgery for patients with bone tumoursWhen Rodney Sneath, a consultant orthopaedic surgeon at the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital in Birmingham, was faced in 1970 with a patient refusing what was then the only surgical option of amputation for a bone tumour, he embarked on his first custom made endoprosthetic replacement—for the upper part of the femur. He soon began to attract other patients with tumours, and his innovative skills allowed him to develop operations to replace and reconstruct parts of the femur, tibia, humerus, radius, and pelvis. Rodney took immense care, not only in removing the tumour but also in reconstructing the limb, and his attention extended even to the placement of dressings and postoperative care. He was a master surgeon who would boldly tackle tumours that many others considered unresectable. His experience of endoprosthetic replacements was unparalleled.Rodney's inquiring and innovative mind led to many developments in endoprostheses. In this he worked closely with John Scales, professor of bioengineering at Stanmore ( obituary BMJ 2004;328: 714[Free Full Text]). Together, and with others, they developed a diverse range of highly successful implants. Rodney's greatest contribution was in the development and use of extendable prostheses for children, the first of which was inserted in 1976. He also pioneered the use of pelvic endoprostheses, using the excised tumour as a template for the design of the metal replacement, which was inserted at a second stage, some six weeks later.His reputation extended both nationally and internationally, and in 1986 the Department of Health formally recognised his skills by granting supra-regional funding to what became known as the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital oncology service. This unit soon became one of the leading centres in the world for musculoskeletal oncology. But it did not happen without a fight. Faced with a hospital administration that was not sympathetic to the fledgling unit's aspirations, Rodney suggested that he should go to the press and let the public be the judge—the administration backed down.In 1992 it became apparent that the pathology service provided to the bone tumour service was in need of development. Despite requests by Rodney, no improvements were made. Following some diagnostic errors the unit set up an inquiry, which attracted worldwide adverse publicity. The unit management appeared to want to close the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, but a further review by the Royal College of Surgeons established that the service was safe and effective.Rodney Saville Sneath was born and grew up in Yorkshire. He read medicine at Sheffield, where he enjoyed participating in rugby, rock climbing, and gliding, once having to land his glider on Cheltenham race course. Motor sport was also an important part of his life, and he competed, with his father and a friend, in the Monte Carlo rally in 1952, finishing first out of the privateers in a Sunbeam Talbot.During national service Rodney was stationed on Salisbury plain with the Royal Army Medical Corps. While with the army in Austria he developed a love of skiing, and he was one of the early members of the British Orthopaedic Study Group, which met in the Austrian Alps. He continued to attend the group until his 70s, often driving there in his five litre V8 TVR.After national service, he became an anatomy demonstrator, and published on the insertion of the biceps femoris muscle, which gained him a reference in Gray's Anatomy. Further surgical training took him to St George's Hospital, London, and later to the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London.Rodney retired at the age of 68, but continued to work in the private sector for a time. He spent his last 10 years working on his garden with his wife, Ann.Rodney presented 16 invited lectures. He was awarded a Hunterian professorship in 1993, and his Hunterian oration was entitled "The treatment of malignant bone tumours in children." He was a founder member of the European Musculoskeletal Oncology Society (EMSOS) and the British Orthopaedic Oncology Society (BOOS), but enjoyed far more than these honours the pleasure of skiing with his colleagues annually in Zurs at the British Orthopaedic Study Group or simply driving his TVR.He leaves Ann, five children, and six grandchildren.Rodney Saville Sneath, consultant orthopaedic surgeon the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham, 1965-1993 (b 1925; q Sheffield 1948; FRCS 1958), d 1 April 2005.[ Robert Sneath ] screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333" width=136 height=200 title="Click to view full sneathrs.f1.gif (136 X 200)" border=0 align=absmiddle>呵呵,发现amyloidosis的neurologistCorino de AndradeNeurologist who discovered and gave his name to a hereditary form of amyloidosisWhile working at the Santo António General Hospital in Porto (which had hired him as an unpaid neurologist to head the hospital's first department of neurology) Corino de Andrade noticed patients presenting with features that were characteristic of a peripheral neuropathy but did not fit any established clinical entity. During the next decade he came across dozens of similar cases and did extensive research on the epidemiology and pattern of transmission of this as yet unidentified disease.In 1942 the autopsy of one of his patients revealed the presence of an amyloid substance in several body tissues. This led him to describe a new hereditary amyloid polyneuropathy—particularly prevalent not only in the fishing areas of northern Portugal, but also in coastal regions of other countries, including Japan and Sweden. This familial amyloid polyneuropathy type I (Portuguese) also became known as Corino de Andrade's disease.Andrade's efforts were widely acknowledged by the international scientific community and attracted leading neurology gurus to Portugal. At a reception in Lisbon, Corino de Andrade met the editor of the British journal Brain, who expressed extreme interest in his research, prompting him to start writing his landmark 1952 paper.Politically, Corino de Andrade was a bothersome opponent of the repressive fascist regime that ruled Portugal at the time. He belonged to the Movement of Democratic Unity, and advocated the free discussion of ideas and projects that could lead to a fair and developed society. Having tapped his phone, the political police arrested him in 1951, just when he had finished writing his paper. He was jailed on charges of "subversive activities" and secret links with the Communist Party. He remained in prison for several months, which slowed the publication of his paper. Nevertheless, he managed to review the paper while behind bars, and some of his colleagues submitted two short versions of the article to other international publications. He was released after a few months, possibly thanks to the diligence of an influential colleague and of his English second wife, Gwendoline, a teacher at the British Institute in Porto. The paper remains today the most cited Portuguese paper in the scientific literature ( Brain 1952;75: 408-27[ISI][Medline]).Mário Corino da Costa Andrade was born in 1906, in Moura, a small city near the Spanish border in the Portuguese province of Alentejo, and spent his infancy and childhood in nearby Beja. In 1923 he began his medical studies at the University of Lisbon, where his professor of neurology and psychiatry, António Flores, influenced his career choice and encouraged him to train abroad.He began specialising in neurology in Lisbon in 1929, and in 1931 he followed his professor's advice and travelled to Strasbourg to train at a clinic headed by the famous neurologist Barré. Much of his time was spent carrying out research on the meninges in the neuropathology laboratory, of which he would later become head. In 1933 he became the first neurological sciences researcher from outside France to win the prestigious Dejerine award.After training in clinical neurology and neuropathology at Berlin's Max Planck Institute, Andrade returned to Strasbourg, where he was presented with several opportunities to develop his work in Europe and the United States. However, his father's health was deteriorating, and Corino de Andrade returned to Portugal in 1938. His father died shortly after his arrival, and Andrade was forced to forgo projects in France and Germany to support his mother and his sister.Attempting to restart his career, he turned to Lisbon's Santa Marta Hospital, where he had worked previously and knew many doctors, including his former Professor, António Flores. But despite his credentials, he found it a closed world, where all the positions in neurosciences were taken. Egas Moniz, who would later win the Nobel prize for medicine, advised him to go to Porto instead, where the field of neurosciences was a niche waiting to be explored.However, the dean of Porto's medical school, a paediatrician, did not regard neurosciences as a priority, and once again Andrade found that the doors were closed. A friend helped him get a job as acting head of the wards in a psychiatric hospital. Andrade was not given much to do and did not find it the most fulfilling of roles, and meanwhile started working voluntarily at Santo António General Hospital, where he soon made an impact.From 1939 to 1976, when he retired from his hospital duties, Andrade took Porto from anonymity to a vibrant centre for neurosciences. In 1960 he set up a centre for the study of familial amyloidosis. He also carried out research on Machado-Joseph disease, another hereditary neurological condition.In 1974, longing for an innovative centre that could ally research with multidisciplinary teaching, he brought together the group in charge of setting up what would become known as the Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (in homage to Abel Salazar, a doctor and close friend of Corino de Andrade). This became host to Porto's second medical school, as well as to schools of veterinary medicine, biochemistry, water sciences, and a range of graduate studies programmes.Predeceased by his wife, he leaves three children.Mário Corino da Costa Andrade, former neurologist Porto, Portugal (b Moura, Portugal, 1906; q Lisbon, Portugal, 1929), died from a protracted illness on 16 June 2005.[ Tiago Villanueva ] screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333" width=150 height=200 title="Click to view full andrade.f1.gif (150 X 200)" border=0 align=absmiddle>揭示肺癌与吸烟关系的流行病学家死于肺癌。Sir Richard DollEpidemiologist who showed that smoking caused cancer and heart diseaseSir Richard Doll was the world's most distinguished medical epidemiologist. He established his reputation alongside Sir Austin Bradford Hill, showing that cigarette smoking caused lung cancer. He then went on to show it caused bladder and other cancers, and cardiovascular disease. He did seminal work with Richard Peto on the health of doctors and their families, demonstrating an increased incidence of suicide and liver disease. He also carried out major research on the risks and benefits of the contraceptive pill, on low level radiation, and the dietary treatment of gastric ulcers.Doll went to work with Bradford Hill at the Medical Research Council in January 1948. Government statisticians had drawn the MRC's attention to a huge recent increase in lung cancer deaths, and the MRC held a conference to decide whether the increase was real and, if so, whether a cause could be identified.At the time, said Doll, smoking seemed a normal and harmless habit. Eighty per cent of men smoked. Doll and Hill both thought the most likely cause would prove to be pollution—smuts from coal fires were terrible in those days, but had been for decades, and the expansion of the motor industry had meant more tarring of roads, and more exhaust fumes. There was a known association of pipe smoking with lip cancer, but that was thought to be caused mainly by the heat of the pipe stem.Doll and Hill designed a short questionnaire, administered by social workers, to 650 male patients in London hospitals. The interviewees were newly admitted patients with suspected lung, liver, or bowel cancers. To reduce bias, the interviewers were not told the suspected diagnosis. They also interviewed hospital patients with other diagnoses. After the proper diagnoses had been made, it was startlingly clear that those whose lung cancer was confirmed were smokers, and those who were given the all clear were non-smokers.The results were so compelling and so unexpected that Doll and Hill took the results to the MRC head Sir Harold Himsworth, who advised them that the results might be peculiar to London, and suggested that they repeat the study in other cities. So they studied 750 similar patients in Bristol, Cambridge, Leeds, and Newcastle.Credit: NICK SINCLAIRWhile they were doing this, they were beaten to publication in the Journal of the American Medical Association ( JAMA 1950;143: 329-36[ISI]). Hill and Doll, whose study was more robust, went to the BMJ's then editor, Hugh Clegg, and the BMJ published their paper quickly ( BMJ 1950;221(ii): 739-48).The government took no action on smoking for several years, but Bradford Hill advised that it was the researchers' job to report, not to campaign—otherwise they might get too attached to their conclusions. Instead, they tried to disprove their findings by doing a prospective study of doctors' smoking habits.This study soon showed that there was a strong association between smoking and lung cancer and also between smoking and cardiovascular disease. Although there were only 36 lung cancer deaths in the first 29 months of the study, after four years there were 200, almost all of them in heavy smokers. The incidence in non-smokers was negligible. Doll and Hill began publishing their results in the BMJ in 1954 ( BMJ 1954;228: 1451-5).It was not long before they were visited by two men from the tobacco industry—the chairman of Imperial Tobacco and his statistician, who disputed Doll and Hill's findings. Five years later the statistician told his employers that unless they accepted that tobacco smoking caused cancer he could not work for them any longer.William Richard Shaboe Doll was born in Hampton, Middlesex, the son of a general practitioner. During the second world war he served in France and the Middle East and took part in the invasion of Sicily. Doll's Dunkirk diary, detailing his experiences as a battalion medical officer in the retreat to Dunkirk, was published in instalments in the BMJ in 1990.Doll contracted renal tuberculosis in the middle of 1944 and was discharged early in 1945 after a nephrectomy. He convalesced by working as a psychiatrist in an army hospital for six months before returning to St Thomas' as a junior medical assistant.The 1950 BMJ paper on smoking and lung cancer was largely ignored by the public. The Department of Health's cancer committee was not convinced by the findings and thought that urging people to quit could start a mass panic. Finally, on 12 February 1954, the health minister Iain Macleod held a conference to announce that the government accepted the link. He famously chain smoked throughout the event. The Royal College of Physicians brought out a report in 1962 that linked smoking and death, and this turned the tide of public opinion.Doll, who was at one stage a smoker, but gave up when he discovered the association with lung cancer, remained well and productive until nearly the end of his life.Predeceased by his wife, Joan Faulkner, he leaves a son and a daughter.William Richard Shaboe Doll, epidemiologist Medical Research Council 1946-69 and regius professor of medicine Oxford University 1969-79 (b 1912; q St Thomas' Hospital, London, 1937; CH, OBE, FRS, DSc, MD, DM, FRCP, FFPHM), d 24 July 2005.[ Caroline Richmond ]Hugh PhillipsAn innovator in orthopaedics and a president of the Royal College of SurgeonsHugh Phillips combined the skill for exceptionally complex surgery with a talent for promoting British orthopaedics. In his early years as a consultant orthopaedic surgeon at the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital in the 1970s and 1980s, he became an acclaimed specialist in joint arthroplasty, and devised a cementless hip known as the Norwich hip. As his career progressed and as patients' replacement joints needed updating—in some cases as many as three or four times—Hugh developed expertise in the increasingly intricate art of revision joint surgery.Meanwhile, from the late 1980s onwards, he began to emerge as a leader and to speak up for orthopaedic surgery, rising through his involvement with various committees and professional bodies to become, in 2004, president of the Royal College of Surgeons. He died in office.Hugh Phillips was born in 1940 in south London. His earliest memories were of doodle bugs and air raid shelters. He was the youngest of three children, born into a close knit, Welsh-speaking family. His father had walked from South Wales to London during the Depression.After qualifying in medicine at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, in 1964, Hugh became a house surgeon at Barts, and then a house physician and subsequently a senior house officer in emergency medicine at Luton and Dunstable Hospital. It was at Luton and Dunstable that he met Alan Lettin (later a vice president of the Royal College of Surgeons), who inspired him to set his sights on a career in orthopaedics.In 1970—a pivotal year for Hugh—he became fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons and was appointed to the Barts higher surgical training programme in orthopaedics. In the same year he was diagnosed as having Hodgkin's lymphoma, which at the time was generally incurable. Hugh Phillips was one of the lucky ones. He put himself in the hands of Gordon Hamilton Fairley, a general physician, a Barts man, and a pioneer in the use of chemotherapy. Two and a half years of this treatment followed, always at the weekend, so that Hugh could be back at work on Monday. This gruelling experience altered his attitude to medicine fundamentally; his drive and determination to succeed became concrete and he became more understanding and sympathetic towards his patients. From now on, the patient came first.The Barts rotation pitched him from Barts to Harlow, then to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital, the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital at Stanmore, Great Ormond Street, and finally back to Barts. Over this period he worked for many great surgeons: Charles Manning at Barts, Geoffrey Fisk, Henry Poirier, and John Read at Harlow, Lipman Kessell at the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, and George Lloyd Roberts and John Fixsen at Great Ormond Street.At the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital he had come under the influence of Richard Howard, Ian Taylor, John Watson-Farrah, and Roger Dee. Ken McKee, an early pioneer in hip replacement, had retired from the NHS, but his influence was still keenly felt. Norfolk, with its seclusion, its big skies, and its people, appealed to Hugh, and when he was offered the post of consultant trauma and orthopaedic surgeon at the old Norfolk and Norwich Hospital, he accepted.Hugh was dedicated to his hospital and to his department. As the "old guard" began to retire, he emerged as a leader determined to keep the Norfolk and Norwich on the orthopaedic map. In 1981 Norwich became the venue for a successful British Orthopaedic Association conference. Hugh was instrumental in securing additional orthopaedic surgeons for his department. When he began in 1975 there were five; today there are 17. He estimated that he had carried out 6000 joint replacements in Norfolk.From the late 1980s he began to get involved in professional administration and leadership. He was elected to the council of the British Orthopaedic Association in 1985. He was regional adviser in orthopaedic surgery to the Royal College of Surgeons in 1988. In the same year, he formed the British Hip Society with Mike Freeman and Robin Ling. He was made trainer of the year by the British Orthopaedic Trainees Association in 1990.He was director of professional standards and regulation and chairman of the trauma committee at the college from 2002 to 2004. He was president of the British Orthopaedic Association from 1999 to 2000, president of the Hip Society from 1999 to 2000, president of the orthopaedic section of the Royal Society of Medicine in 1992, and chairman of the specialist advisory committee in trauma and orthopaedics from 1995 to 1997. He was honorary senior lecturer at the University of East Anglia and deputy lord lieutenant of Norfolk.Ever forward thinking, he was acutely aware of the changing nature of the doctor-patient relationship. He welcomed greater patients' access to medical knowledge, but staunchly defended the role of the doctor as skilled and trusted interpreter of that shared information.He leaves a wife, Trish; three daughters; and six grandchildren.Hugh Phillips, consultant orthopaedic surgeon Norfolk and Norwich Hospital and president Royal College of Surgeons (b 1940; q St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1964; BSc, DL), died from lung cancer on 24 June 2005. screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333" width=150 height=200 title="Click to view full phillipsh.f1.gif (150 X 200)" border=0 align=absmiddle>谢谢docliu,受益匪浅！好啊！不错，顶真不错！这是一位公共卫生的先驱Paddy DonaldsonOne of the last of the medical officers of health of the Nye Bevin era and an expert on food hygieneRaymond Joseph "Paddy" Donaldson served as a medical officer of health (MOH) in the developing NHS in several posts from the Midlands to the far north. The pinnacle of his career was spent as MOH in Teesside. He was a giant in the field of public health and he launched and pioneered many successful initiatives, including screening on the NHS. He also served with distinction in the St John Ambulance. During the 1970s, a time of great changes in the NHS, Paddy published a booklet on how the NHS was organised, which sold well throughout the decade.NHS reorganisation brought major changes to the powers wielded by MOHs, which prompted Paddy to head south. After arriving in London he developed a second career as an academic and headed a special unit based at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He had already edited a highly successful book entitled Parasites and Western Man. Now he was to coauthor a book, Essential Community Medicine, with his son, Liam (the current chief medical officer of England)—a book that has become standard reading for all wishing to become consultants in public health.He became chairman of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health (also known as the Royal Society of Health) and was a council member for many years, helping to guide it to what it is today. He also became an authority on food handling. In retirement, this interest led to a highly successful certificated food hygiene course run by the Royal Society of Health.The last part of his career saw him as a consultant in community medicine at the Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead. He was also at this time running a training consortium for aspiring public health doctors, based at St George's Hospital, south London.Predeceased by his wife, June, he leaves a son, a daughter, and five grandchildren.Raymond Joseph ("Paddy") Donaldson, former medical officer of health Teesside and director centre for extension training in community medicine, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (b Newtonhamilton, Northern Ireland, 1920; q Queen's University, Belfast, 1944; OBE, CStJ), died from complications of a brain tumour and chest infection on 14 July 2005.[ Sammy Lee ] screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333" width=178 height=200 title="Click to view full donaldsonr.f1.gif (178 X 200)" border=0 align=absmiddle>这周纪念的是ICU制度的先驱者之一。lan GilstonFounder of the Intensive Care Society and anaesthetist for the first UK heart transplantWhen the first UK heart transplant was performed, by Donald Ross, Keith Ross, and Donald Longmore at the National Heart Hospital (now part of the Brompton Hospital) on 3 May 1968, the anaesthetist was Alan Gilston, a recently appointed consultant with a particular interest in intensive care. Such was Gilston's dedication, he spent the night sleeping alongside the patient in the operating theatre. This proved a sensible precaution as the patient's central venous line came out and had to be replaced.In the event, the transplant—on 45 year old Fred West, who received the heart of 26 year old Patrick Ryan, who had sustained head injuries at work from which he could never recover—was successful, but the patient died 45 days postoperatively.Two years later, in 1970, Gilston founded the Intensive Care Society, and was its honorary secretary for five years. It now has 2000 members, mainly, but not exclusively, anaesthetists. The society has an Alan Gilston medal in his honour and he was its first recipient. He was also secretary-general and initiator of the first world congress on intensive care, and founder and former president and secretary-general of the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care.His achievements received international recognition, and he was invited to speak in 23 countries, including Iran and Japan. He also worked as visiting anaesthetist in Israel, and as visiting professor in Toronto.Gilston was the principal author of Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (1971), with Leon Resnikov. This was later translated into Spanish, Italian, and Chinese. He published editorials and papers on cardiac anaesthesia, resuscitation, intensive care, and technology. Gilston was on the editorial board of Intensive Care Medicine, Heart and Lung Resuscitation, and Intensive Care Monitor. He was elected to life membership of intensive care societies in the United Kingdom, Spain, Venezuela, and Ecuador.Alan Gilston was born in Leeds, the son of an electrical retailer and antique dealer. He was a frail child with severe asthma, and was sent to boarding school in Bournemouth, where, as the only Jewish pupil, he was isolated and lonely. This, his family think, gave him a passion for reading and learning.He qualified at Leeds medical school in 1953. From 1956 to 1959 he was senior house officer in anaesthetics at Darlington Memorial Hospital and the Royal Victoria Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne. In 1959 he was appointed registrar to the Brompton Hospital, where open heart surgery had recently commenced, and where he spent three years. In 1962 he went to the National Heart Hospital as senior registrar, again in anaesthetics.He was appointed consultant there five years later and spent the rest of his career at the "Heart," working extensively with Donald Ross and Magdi Yacoub. He was involved in research and development of anaesthesia and intensive care. Gilston also initiated mechanical ventilation for acute postoperative respiratory distress syndrome after heart and lung surgery.The heart transplant surgery was rehearsed on a pig, which famously escaped, and Gilston recalled chasing it around the hospital corridors.Like many anaesthetists he was a great inventor, developing the tracheotomy T-piece that bears his name and the sleeve on the Wallace cannula. Domestically he made many household devices, such as a gadget for opening large windows, and elaborate hinges, unhindered by aesthetic considerations. His family took this on the chin.Gilston was a short man with an amazing amount of energy—despite the asthma—which he harnessed but never tamed. His interests and hobbies included Judaica, archaeology, ancient technology, and DIY. He collected aphorisms and quotations.Colleagues found him both abrupt and bolshie, and inspiring and modest. He had an incisive mind, saw the world for what it was, loved asking difficult questions, and had an innate aversion to authority, even refusing to wear uniform when called up for his national service. He was proud to be a Jew and a Yorkshireman.Gilston retired from the NHS in 1990 and in 1997 founded and was the first chairman of the Royal Society of Medicine's Retired Fellows Society. He went to the RSM frequently; his last visit, in 2001, was on the day before he went into a care home, suffering from Alzheimer's. He died from pneumonia.He leaves a wife, Avelina, and two sons. screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333" width=150 height=200 title="Click to view full gilstona.f1.gif (150 X 200)" border=0 align=absmiddle>不错的资料！we are going to review the achievement of a radiologist from Hong KongJohn H C HoInnovative Hong Kong radiologist who widened our understanding of the causes of nasopharyngeal cancerProfessor John Ho Hung-chiu was instrumental in the establishment of cancer treatment in Hong Kong, conducted ground-breaking research on nasopharyngeal cancer, and turned Hong Kong into a centre of excellence in radiology training.In a public sector career spanning four decades, Professor Ho established the first radiology services and cancer centres in hospitals across Hong Kong. He also raised the funds to open Nam Long Hospital in 1967, the city's only dedicated facility for cancer treatment and hospice care at that time.Until the first academic department of radiology and oncology was established at the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1984, research in the cancer field was conducted within the hospitals under the wing of Professor Ho. His own pioneering work was into the causes and treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer, a common cancer in southern China. He discovered that the early introduction of salted preserved fish into the infant diet was a causative factor, and also discovered the relation between nasopharyngeal cancer and the Epstein-Barr virus. From 1975 to 1999 the incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer in Hong Kong dropped by over 40%.Moreover, he inspired future generations of oncologists to build on his work. "The five year survival of 80% of patients treated in more recent years is the fruit of the seeds that he had sown," said Dr Anne W M Lee, a former member of Professor Ho's staff and current chief of service for the department of clinical oncology at the Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital in Hong Kong.Professor Ho was born in 1916 into an elite family of Hong Kong tycoons and philanthropists. Academic excellence was the minimum expected of him, and his father would punish him for any grades less than the best. He enrolled in the faculty of medicine at the University of Hong Kong in 1934, where he was able to indulge his passion for competitive sports as well as academic success.When he graduated in 1940, the war in China against the Japanese had been raging for three years, and he answered the call for medical personnel to serve in the China Defence League. He drove ambulances laden with medical supplies right to the frontline in rural Guangdong province. He subsequently worked in field hospitals across China until the end of the war in 1945, and recalled that at one point he was the only qualified doctor, performing surgery with inadequate supplies of even basic items such as disinfectant.Such privations would have served him well on his return to Hong Kong, a city reeling from the impact of Japanese occupation. In 1945 he was the sole doctor in charge at the Lai Chi Kok Infectious Diseases Hospital, grappling with concurrent epidemics of cholera, smallpox, meningitis, typhoid, and diphtheria.Professor Ho's career in radiology began with a British Council scholarship to study in the United Kingdom in 1946. In the 1950s he returned to the United Kingdom to study both diagnostic and therapeutic radiology in London. He remains one of the few radiologists who have obtained fellowships in both diagnostic and therapeutic radiology with the Royal College of Radiologists.When Professor Ho returned to Hong Kong in 1949, he entered a fledgling medical system focused on infectious disease that gave low priority to the development of cancer services. "He had to fight through bureaucratic red tape and negative attitudes to set up the infrastructure for the whole spectrum of cancer services, from diagnosis to best possible cancer treatments and terminal care," said Dr Lee.In the late 1970s he persuaded the Royal College to send external examiners to Hong Kong, and this led to annual examinations for students from all over Asia. Enabling Hong Kong radiologists to secure fellowship of the college without having to leave Hong Kong was another of Professor Ho's major contributions, according to Dr Lilian Leong, president of the Hong Kong College of Radiologists and chief of radiology services at Queen Mary Hospital. "I think this was a very important development for Hong Kong. To have gained the confidence of the Royal College of Radiologists was not an easy job," she said.Although he retired from government service in 1985, Professor Ho remained active in his professional field, working in private practice until 2000 and chairing the Hong Kong Anti-Cancer Society, which he had founded in 1963.Professor Ho was a contemporary and close friend of pioneering surgeon Ong Guan Bee (obituary BMJ 2004;328: 771[Free Full Text]), who, with a colleague at the University of Hong Kong, coined the nickname "Emperor Ho" for his friend, and the name stuck for the rest of his life. Although used fondly, its imperious overtones did not do justice to Professor Ho's approach to colleagues, staff, and patients. Whereas Professor Ong was feared and respected in equal measure, Professor Ho is remembered as a friendly and kind mentor who never used intimidation to motivate his staff."He walked very fast—we had to run to keep up with him on the ward rounds—and he was meticulous, but he was a good boss, never yelled, and always stressed the importance of communication," said Dr Lee.He leaves a wife, Florence; three children; and six grandchildren.John Ho Hung-chiu, former radiologist Hong Kong (b Hong Kong 1916; q University of Hong Kong 1940; MD, DSc, FRCP, FRCR (D&T), CBE), died from septicaemia following renal failure on 10 August 2005. screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333" width=148 height=200 title="Click to view full hojhc.f1.gif (148 X 200)" border=0 align=absmiddle>Walter SomervilleLeading cardiologist and former editor of HeartWalter Somerville assisted at the UK's first cardiac catheterisation, performed by Paul Wood in 1948. For 20 years he edited the British Heart Journal, now simply Heart. He was consultant cardiologist at Harefield Hospital and the Middlesex Hospital, and senior lecturer at the Middlesex for 25 years, and was crucial to the success of cardiac surgery at both centres.During the second world war he worked on chemical and biological weaponry, and remained on related committees for 20 years afterwards.Walter Somerville was born in Dublin. From the Jesuit Belvedere College he went to University College Dublin, doing his clinical studies at the Mater Hospital. Feeling that medicine in Dublin was subject to excessive religious influence, he went to London. He was appointed as a clinical assistant at the Brompton Hospital in 1939, just as war broke out.Somerville wanted to be a pilot in the Royal Air Force, but was steered into the Royal Army Medical Corps. He served on a troop ship before being moved to chemical and biological warfare duties at Porton Down. He was seconded to the Canadian Department of Defence and then, in 1943, the US chemical warfare unit. Working in the southwest Pacific, he assisted in top secret preparations for the invasion of Japan. During this experience he was badly burned.His closest friend in the US army was George Merck, son of the drug company's founder, who suggested that the family firm could use Somerville's talents, but Somerville felt it was not for him. Shortly afterwards, in a Boston pub, a Metro Goldwyn Mayer talent scout noted his fine English voice and Irish good looks, and offered him a screen test. Fortunately for cardiology, Somerville refused.Returning to England in 1946, he attended a refresher course at Hammersmith Hospital taught by the great cardiologist Paul Wood. Jobs were hard to find for the "bulge" of demobbed doctors, but Wood was impressed by Somerville and appointed him as registrar, later making him a senior assistant at the National Heart Hospital. When Wood had a heart attack in 1962, aged 54, he wanted Somerville to look after him.Though it was difficult for an Irish graduate to enter the closed shop of London teaching hospitals, he was chosen as consultant to the Harefield Hospital in 1952 and the Middlesex in 1954, and stayed at both hospitals until he retired. He also was a consultant to the army and Royal Air Force, looking after senior officers and the pensioners in the Chelsea Royal Hospital. He wrote 60 papers on infective endocarditis, emotions and the heart, mitral stenosis, and other topics.Somerville was mugged badly in 1987 and the retinal bleeding this caused, combined with macular degeneration, made him completely blind for the last years of his life. He leaves a cardiologist wife, Jane Somerville; and four children. screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333" width=200 height=193 title="Click to view full somervillew.f1.gif (200 X 193)" border=0 align=absmiddle>记得《JOURNAL OF NUTRITION》曾经介绍过一个营养学家，一生发表的论文也就10篇左右，多是JOUNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRTION这些影响因子不高的文章。可能这些大师中也有这样的情况。在中国，他们不可能成为大师。大家来缅怀以下这位102岁的耳鼻喉专家。也是一位中国人Li Shu PuiEar, nose, and throat specialist who became a private sector pioneer of Western medicine in Hong KongWhen Li Shu Pui entered medical school in Beijing in 1920 at the age of 17, he was at the dawn of an illustrious career that would span the next 85 years. An ear, nose, and throat specialist, he continued performing surgical operations until 1980 and ran an outpatient clinic until well into his 90s.Li took over at the helm of the prestigious Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital in 1966. Under his leadership it underwent massive expansion and became an institution that set the standard of care in the city. He remained actively involved in the affairs of the hospital as chairman of the board until his death aged 102.Born in Hong Kong in January 1903, Li was the fifth of six children and the product of a traditional Chinese upbringing. His career was heavily influenced by that of his elder brother, Li Shu Fan, and like him he embraced the world of modern Western medicine. Following Shu Fan to enrol at the Peking Union Medical College, he later transferred to continue his training at the University of Hong Kong, graduating in 1928.Once again he followed in Shu Fan's footsteps and went to Edinburgh for further study to prepare for the fellowship examination of the Royal College of Surgeons, the first Hong Kong University-trained graduate to attain admission to the college. As his interest in ENT developed, he continued his studies at the University of Vienna and after a brief stint in the United States returned to Hong Kong to work with his brother in private practice.Li started his career at a time when most Hong Kong citizens went to traditional Chinese medical herbalists and would only resort to Western medicine when all else failed. Li recalled that at one charity hospital that had separate Chinese and Western sections, people would line up for hours outside the outpatient clinic. "On receiving their supplies of imported medication they would scurry around the corner and empty the pills down the nearest drain. The glass bottles they sold back to the hospital."However, as Western medicine became more accepted, the Li brothers' practice began to thrive. "There, we spent three hours every afternoon. We had a policy of never turning anyone away simply because he was poor. If people came to us in real need but with limited means we would try to determine a level of fees that they could afford," he recalled in his memoirs. The same policy was in force at the Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, where they both worked in the mornings.The hospital was originally the Yeung Wo Nursing Home, opened in 1922 with just 28 beds, no resident surgeon and five nursing sisters. It was the only hospital in the British colony not run by government or religious missions. "Word was going around that Western-trained Chinese medical practitioners were restless, knowing that if they remained in foreign-led institutions they would never really be accorded the respect their years of training had earned them," Li wrote.In 1926 Shu Fan took over the Yeung Wo hospital and renamed it Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital. Shu Pui worked at the hospital and as the Anti-Japanese War raged across China, he raised funds for Chinese soldiers wounded in battle against the Japanese. In December 1941 the war came to his doorstep. Japan invaded Hong Kong and the hospital became packed to six times capacity. "People came to us with terrible wounds. Limbs were smashed so badly that in many cases all we could do is amputate. We were short of everything—bandages, intravenous drips, even morphine," he recalled.When Shu Fan died in 1966, Li took over as superintendent of the Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, and embarked on a course of expansion that added a host of state of the art facilities, including the in vitro fertilisation centre, where Hong Kong's first test tube baby was delivered. He became a well known philanthropist and donated money to the University of Hong Kong, which named a building after his brother.Li once quipped to his son Walton that he had a long and healthy life because, unlike most men of his generation, he did not have the stress of juggling both a wife and a mistress. "He drank a little, was a cautious eater, didn't get too stressed or lose his temper," said his son.However, it is his legacy as the force behind Hong Kong's most prestigious private hospital that will stand out as his life's achievement. Although the Sanatorium is known locally in Hong Kong as the tycoon's hospital, it has also played a part in the medical progress for the whole city, a product of Li's vision, said Kwok Ka-ki, legislative council member for the medical functional constituency. "He contributed a lot. The Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital is the best private hospital in terms of best quality physicians and surgeons, the best facilities and the latest equipment," he said. "It sets the standard for care in the city and he orchestrated all these developments."Predeceased by wife, Ellen, Li leaves three children, eight grandchildren, and three great grandchildren.Li Shu Pui, former ear, nose, and throat specialist Hong Kong (b Hong Kong 1903; q University of Hong Kong 1928; FRCS Ed), died from multiple organ failure on 31 August 2005.[ Jane Parry ] screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333" width=139 height=200 title="Click to view full lishupui.f1.gif (139 X 200)" border=0 align=absmiddle>向中国的大师们致敬！！！！本人由于大考,以及马上要去NY3个月,可能不能保持每周更新.请各位见谅. 而且有时候没有大师可以纪念.呵呵,毕竟不是每周都有大师过世================================理解！呵呵，大师！真正的大师。EPO的发现者。难能可贵的是，he never made a penny from the discovery. But he made a great fortune for every patient!Allan J ErslevResearcher who discovered erythropoietin to treat anaemiaAlthough Allan Erslev discovered erythropoietin, he never made a penny from the discovery. The hormone causes the body to make more red blood cells and is now a million-dollar drug to treat anaemia caused by cancer therapy, dialysis, and renal disease."Nobody thought about patents in those days. We were doing basic research to help humanity, not for money," says Dr Jaime Caro, who followed Dr Erslev as head of the Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research at Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.After graduating from medical school at the University of Copenhagen in 1945, Dr Erslev came to the United States for advanced study. He worked first at Sloan-Kettering Institute in New York and did a residency at Yale University-New Haven in Connecticut. Then he moved on to the Thorndike Memorial Laboratory in Boston, where he was also an associate professor of medicine at Harvard University, before moving to Cardeza, where he stayed for the rest of his career.In 1953, in an important paper in Blood, "Humoral regulation of red cell production" ( Blood 1953;8: 349-57[ISI][Medline]), Dr Erslev showed there was a kidney hormone that stimulated red blood cell production."Hypoxia in the kidney stimulated production of red cells," Dr Caro says. In his experiments, Dr Erslev made rabbits anaemic. When he injected their anaemic plasma into normal rabbits, the rabbits increased production of red cells and as the number of red cells increased so haematocrit increased. In contrast, injection of normal plasma into normal rabbits did not lead to an increase in red cells. The hormone erythropoietin was responsible for the increase in red cells.Dr Erslev's pioneering work led to the concept that a feedback mechanism controls the circulating red blood cell mass according to the tissues' physiological needs for oxygen. He spent his later career studying the mechanisms that control the production of erythropoietin by the kidney and searching for ways to produce it in quantities to treat patients with anaemia from renal disease.By 1987 Dr Erslev's dream was fulfilled: the erythropoeitin gene had been cloned and erythropoeitin was being mass produced by recombinant methods as EPO.Dr Erslev's influence in modern haematology went beyond his research on erythropoietin. He was a clinician and a teacher, and co-author of the textbook Hematology, now going into its seventh edition. He also contributed to Pathophysiology of Blood and published many papers. He headed the Cardeza Foundation from 1963 to 1985.Even when Dr Erslev lost sight in one eye from surgery and later in the other eye because of macular degeneration, he continued to work on the seventh edition of Hematology, using magnifying glasses and dictating chapters.His interests in anaemia were broad. As an outdoors enthusiast and mountain climber (from a very flat country) Dr Erslev was interested in people who lived at high altitudes, where they have a higher number of red blood cells and higher erythropoietin levels. After the hormone had been cloned and the drug produced commercially, it was used by athletes—particularly competitive bicyclists—to boost their efforts."He was a delightful person with a wonderfully inquiring mind," and was an "intuitive, expert physiologist," said Dr Sandor Shapiro, professor of medicine at Jefferson and a close colleague. After Dr Erslev lost his sight, "he was very much a coper," Dr Shapiro said. Many trained in his labs, including Robert Gallo, co-discoverer of the AIDS virus.Dr Erslev was married for almost 50 years to Betsy Lewis. They were active in civil rights issues such as women's rights, fair housing, abortion rights, and social justice. After his wife died, he was supported by Betsy Bodine, the widow of an old friend.Dr Erslev leaves four children and six grandchildren.Allan J Erslev, former head of the Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, United States (b Copenhagen, Denmark, 1919; q Copenhagen 1945), died 12 November 2003.[ Janice Hopkins Tanne ] screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333" width=160 height=200 title="Click to view full erslev.f1.gif (160 X 200)" border=0 align=absmiddle>非常好，谢谢分享！